Executive Functioning: Challenges, Impact, and Support

Submitted by Mara Trager – Literacy Specialist, Grades 3-5

Think about your morning routine… between the time your alarm clock goes off until you walk out the front door there are many tasks that need to be completed. These tasks may include brushing your teeth, showering, getting dressed, eating breakfast, packing a lunch and your bag for the day, or even tying your shoes before you leave the house. Most of us don’t really think about this time of our day; we usually do these routines on auto-pilot. But for those who struggle with executive functioning, getting their day started can be a challenge.

In the school setting, executive functioning includes cognitive skills that help with planning and organization, time management, working memory, emotional regulation, focus and attention, task initiation and completion, and flexibility. These skills are essential for academic success. This table shows some typical challenges students with executive functioning deficits face, the academic impact and suggested supports and tools.

While a student is learning these new strategies and skills, it is important that they understand the rationale behind them. Otherwise, the work, practice, and planning might feel like a waste of time or unnecessary. Students with poor executive functioning skills often feel overwhelmed, pressured, frustrated, misunderstood, and exhausted. Their behavior can often look like resistance or defiance, laziness or unmotivation, and irresponsibility. By explaining the rationale behind helpful strategies, the student is much more likely to try, practice, and incorporate them into their daily routines. When we create a supportive environment that emphasizes progress and growth, students are more likely to take risks,  initiate problem-solving, self-advocate, and persist. With the right guidance and consistent practice, they can build strong executive functioning skills that will benefit them not just in school, but in all areas of life.